Purpose: To report the incidence, severity and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in premature infants with late ROP Examination in Farabi Eye Hospital.Methods: In a retrospective study from January 2001 to July 2007, hospital records of premature infants who were examined later than 9 weeks after birth were reviewed to determine the incidence, severity and possible risk factors of ROP including gender, singleton or multiple gestations, gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), oxygen therapy, blood transfusion, phototherapy, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), mechanical ventilation, intraventricular hemorrhage and sepsis as well as age at initial Examination. Results: Out of a total of 797 infants referred for ROP screening during the study period, 216 (27.1%) had late Examinations at a mean age of 141.7±150.4 (range 64-1,460) days. Of these, 87 (40.3%) had different stages of ROP, 65 (30.1%) had stage 4 or 5 disease including 34 (16.2%) infants with stage 5 ROP in both eyes which was untreatable. Lower GA (P<0.001), RDS (P=0.041) and blood transfusion (P=0.009) were associated with the development of ROP.Conclusion: The overall prevalence of ROP and the incidence of severe ROP in particular, were unacceptably high in premature infants with late screening. These findings necessitate interventions to optimize timely referral for screening of premature infants.

A twelve-year-old girl suffering from tuberous sclerosis complex was referred to Basir Eye Clinic, Tehran, Iran, for electrophysiological eye Examinations, including visual evoked potential (VEP) and electroretinography (ERG). The patient's medical history showed that she experienced seizures at the age of ten, for which treatment with vigabatrin was initiated. Her field of vision was abnormal, potentially due to the side effects of vigabatrin. The ERG results were also abnormal.

Background: Systemic arterial hypertension is associated with an increased risk of stroke heart attack, renal disease and Retinal complication.Objective: To evaluate and determine Retinal complications in essential hypertension.Methods: In a descriptive study, 100 recently diagnosed hypertensive patients (PTS) who referred to Bou-Ali medical center for eye Examination and hypertensive complications underwent complete eye Examination including indirect, three mirrors and +90 funduscopy.Finding: The mean age of PTS was 68.14 (SD 9.2). There were 57 males and 43 females.Mean of their systolic pressure were 173.3 and 96.04 mmHg respectively. 78 cases had hypertensive retinopathy. All cases had arteriolar sclerosis (A/S) change (scheie classification). 4 cases had branch Retinal vein occlusion (B.R.V.O). 1 had inacroaneurism, 5 ischemic optic neuropathy and 8 had macular ischemia. All cases had fallen in grade IV A/S. Conclusion: Arteriolar sclerosis grade IV and hypertension are the main causes of Retinal complications in this study.

The discovery that the adult brain harbors stem cells that sustain neurogenesis throughout life has opened the possibility of treating degenerative changes from within by recruiting endogenous progenitors. This concept of therapeutic regeneration appeared remote for Retinal degeneration because active neurogenesis has not been detected in the adult mammalian retina. However, neurogenic changes have been observed in injured adult retina, and the source of injury-induced neurogenesis is traced to Müller glia (MG). This and our recent observations that a subset of MG have evolutionarily conserved neural stem cell (NSC) properties posit these cells as a valid source of adult neurogenesis and therefore a target for therapeutic regeneration in intractable degenerative blinding diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This approach could potentially address significant barriers, such as the lack of a renewable source of cells that are non-immunogenic and non-tumorigenic, which currently rendersex vivo cell therapy approach less pratical.